近地表地震层析成像方法综述

doi:10.6038/pg2019CC0534

地球物理学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 48-63.doi: 10.6038/pg2019CC0534

• 固体地球物理及空间物理学（大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学） • 上一篇下一篇

近地表地震层析成像方法综述

张明辉¹,刘有山²,侯爵^2,^3,⁴,徐涛^2,⁵,白志明²

^1. 滨州学院, 信息工程学院, 山东滨州 256600
^2. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 岩石圈演化国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
^3. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
^4. 中国地震局地球物理研究所, 北京 100081
^5. 中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心,北京 100101

收稿日期:2018-12-04 修回日期:2019-01-13 出版日期:2019-02-20 发布日期:2019-04-15
作者简介:张明辉, 女, 1990年生, 博士, 讲师, 主要从事地震波成像研究. (E-main: zmhjoy@163.com)
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划“深地资源勘查开采”重点专项(2016YFC0600201);国家重点研发计划“深地资源勘查开采”重点专项(2016YFC0600101);国家重点研发计划“深地资源勘查开采”重点专项(2016YFC0600302);国家自然科学基金联合资助.(41574082);国家自然科学基金联合资助.(41874065);国家自然科学基金联合资助.(41604076);国家自然科学基金联合资助.(41804060);国家自然科学基金联合资助.(41774097)

Review of seismic tomography methods in near-surface structures reconstruction

ZHANG Ming-hui¹,LIU You-shan²,HOU Jue^2,^3,⁴,XU Tao^2,⁵,BAI Zhi-ming²

^1. Institute of Information Engineering, Binzhou University, Shandong Binzhou 256600, China
^2. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
^3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^4. Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China
^5. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2018-12-04 Revised:2019-01-13 Online:2019-02-20 Published:2019-04-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近地表地层与人类生产生活密切相关,利用地震层析成像方法准确重建浅部地壳速度结构有助于开展高精度地震勘探、探查浅部矿产资源、规避潜在自然灾害,并利于城市地下空间建设.中国大陆地表条件复杂,尤其中西部盆岭结合带地形起伏剧烈,对浅部地壳精确速度建模构成严重挑战.本文系统论述了地震层析成像领域基于高频近似理论的走时成像方法和有限频层析成像方法,阐明两类方法的基本原理、存在问题和发展方向等.依据正演走时有无显式射线追踪,基于高频近似理论的走时成像方法分为传统走时层析成像方法和无射线路径的走时层析成像方法.基于射线追踪的传统走时层析成像方法,在浅层速度强烈变化时,因存在阴影区或多路径现象引起成像失真,严重影响成像效率;而无射线路径的层析成像方法通过程函方程走时场的正传和逆传直接计算敏感核,并利用伴随状态法获得目标函数的梯度,具有快速、稳健的优点.以上两种基于地震射线高频近似理论的走时成像方法由于未考虑地震波频率的带限性,存在波散射、波前愈合及反演约束差等问题.有限频层析成像方法克服了射线理论“无限高频”假设所带来的弊端,已成为重要的研究方向之一.该类方法主要分为射线有限频层析成像方法和基于波动方程的有限频层析成像方法.射线有限频层析成像方法能够提高成像的分辨率,但在方法本质上仍依赖于射线理论,较难处理较复杂的波现象问题;基于波动方程的有限频层析成像方法能准确处理复杂地质问题,提高成像可靠性并能以图像形式直观展示地球内部地震波的速度结构分布,但是该方法在实际应用中强烈依赖于数据中的低频信息及较精确的初始速度模型,其推广应用仍需进一步探索.

关键词: 近地表, 地震层析成像, 高频近似, 有限频, 波动方程

Abstract:

The near-surface crustal structure is closely related to human production and life. Accurate reconstruction of the velocity structure of shallow crust by seismic tomography can help us to carry out high-precision seismic exploration, explore shallow resources and minerals, avoid potential natural disasters, and construct urban underground space. Complex surface conditions are widely found in China mainland, especially in the basin-range junction zone of central and western China, which poses a serious challenge to accurately reconstruct the velocity model of shallow crust. This paper discusses systematically the basic principle, existing problems and development direction of two types of current seismic tomography methods, namely, traveltime tomography method based on high frequency approximation theory and on the finite frequency tomography theory. The former is based on the high-frequency approximation theory of seismic rays. According to whether there is explicit ray tracing in the forward calculation, it can be divided into the conventional traveltime tomography method and the traveltime tomography method without ray paths. The conventional traveltime tomography method utilizes the traditional ray tracing methods. When the near-surface velocity changes strongly, the imaging distortion is usually caused by the existence of shadow zone or multi-paths, which seriously affects the imaging efficiency. While, the traveltime tomography method without ray paths calculates the sensitive kernel directly by forward and backward propagation of the traveltime field of the eikonal equation, and obtains the gradient of the objective function by the adjoint state method, which has the advantages of fast and robustness. Since the band-limited property of the seismic wave frequency is not considered, there are some problems of the traveltime tomography based on high frequency approximation theory, such as wave scattering, wave front healing and poor inversion constraint. The latter, that is, the finite frequency tomography overcomes the drawbacks of the assumption of “infinite high frequency” in ray theory and has become more important. The methods are mainly divided into ray finite frequency tomography method and the finite frequency tomography method based on wave equation. Ray finite frequency tomography can improve the resolution of imaging, but in essence, it still depends on ray theory and is difficult to deal with complex wave phenomena. The finite frequency tomography method based on wave equation can accurately deal with complex geological problems, improve imaging reliability and visually display the velocity structure of seismic waves in the earth’s interior in the form of images. However, this method strongly depends on sufficient low-frequency information in data or a more accurate initial velocity model in practical applications, and its wide application requires further exploration and development.

Key words: Near-surface, Seismic tomography, High frequency approximation, Finite frequency, Wave equation

中图分类号:

P315

张明辉, 刘有山, 侯爵, 徐涛, 白志明. 2019. 近地表地震层析成像方法综述. 地球物理学进展, 34(1): 48-63. doi: 10.6038/pg2019CC0534.

ZHANG Ming-hui, LIU You-shan, HOU Jue, XU Tao, BAI Zhi-ming. 2019. Review of seismic tomography methods in near-surface structures reconstruction. Progress in Geophysics. 34(1): 48-63. doi: 10.6038/pg2019CC0534.

图/表 11

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

参考文献 175

[1]	Aki K, Christofferson A, Husebye E S . 1977. Determination of the three-dimensional seismic structure of the lithosphere[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 82(2):277-296. doi: 10.1029/JB082i002p00277
[2]	Aki K, Lee W H K . 1976. Determination of three-dimensional velocity anomalies under a seismic array using first P arrival times from local earthquakes: 1.A homogeneous initial model[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 81(23):4381-4399. doi: 10.1029/JB081i023p04381
[3]	Bai C Y, Greenhalgh S . 2006. 3-D local earthquake hypocenter determination with an ‘irregular’ shortest-path method[J]. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 96(6):2257-2268, doi: 10.1785/0120040178. doi: 10.1785/0120040178
[4]	Bai C Y, Greenhalgh S, Zhou B . 2007. 3D ray tracing using a modified shortest-path method[J]. Geophysics, 72(4):T27-T36, doi: 10.1190/1.2732549. doi: 10.1190/1.2732549
[5]	Bai C Y, Huang G J, Li Z S . 2011. Simultaneous inversion combining multiple-phase travel times within 3D complex layered media[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 54(1):182-192, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.01.019. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.01.019
[6]	Bai C Y, Huang G J, Zhao R . 2010. 2D/3D irregular shortest-path ray tracing for multiple arrivals and its applications[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 183(3):1596-1612, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04817.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04817.x
[7]	Bona A, Slawinski M A, Smith P . 2009. Ray tracing by simulated annealing: Bending method[J]. Geophysics, 74(2):T25-T32, doi: 10.1190/1.3068006. doi: 10.1190/1.3068006
[8]	Brenders A J, Pratt R G . 2007. Full waveform tomography for lithospheric imaging: Results from a blind test in a realistic crustal model[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 168(1):133-151, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03156.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03156.x
[9]	Brossier R, Operto S, Virieux J . 2009. Seismic imaging of complex onshore structures by 2D elastic frequency-domain full-waveform inversion[J]. Geophysics, 74(6): WCC105-WCC118, doi: 10.1190/1.3215771. doi: 10.1190/1.3215771
[10]	Brzostowski M A, Mcmechan G A . 1992. 3-D tomographic imaging of near-surface seismic velocity and attenuation[J]. Geophysics, 57(3):396-403. doi: 10.1190/1.1443254
[11]	Bunks C, Saleck F M, Zaleski S , et al. 1995. Multiscale seismic waveform inversion[J]. Geophysics, 60(5):1457-1473. doi: 10.1190/1.1443880
[12]	Capdeville Y . 2005. An efficient Born normal mode method to compute sensitivity kernels and synthetic seismograms in the Earth[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 163(2):639-646, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02765.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02765.x
[13]	Cerveny V. 2001. Seismic ray theory [M]. Cambridge University Press..
[14]	Cerveny V, Soares J E P . 1992. Fresnel volume ray tracing[J]. Geophysics, 57(7):902-915. doi: 10.1190/1.1443303
[15]	Chavent G . 1974. Identification of functional parameters in partial differential equations[J]. Joint Automatic Control Conference, 12:155-156. doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(69)80009-6
[16]	Christensen N I, Mooney W D . 1995. Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 100(B6):9761-9788. doi: 10.1029/95JB00259
[17]	Dahlen F A, Hung S H, Nolet G . 2000. Fréchet kernels for finite-frequency traveltimes-I. Theory[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 141(1):157-174, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00070.x. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00070.x
[18]	Dahlen F A, Tromp J. 1998. Theoretical global seismology [M]. Princeton University Press..
[19]	Ding J C, Sun W B, Huang X G , et al. 2017. The strategies of FWI realization for marine seismic data[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese), 56(1):75-80, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2017.01.009.
[20]	Ding Z F, He Z Q, Sun W G , et al. 1999. 3-D crust and upper mantle velocity structure in Eastern Tibetan plateau and its surrounding areas[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 42(2):197-205, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.1999.02.007.
[21]	Duan Y H, Zhang X K, Fang S M . 2002. Three-dimensional finite-difference tomography of velocity structure of the upper crustal in north China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 45(3):362-369, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2002.03.008.
[22]	Fichtner A, Bunge H P, Igel H . 2006 a. The adjoint method in seismology-I. Theory[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 157(1-2):86-104, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2006.03.016. doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2006.03.016
[23]	Fichtner A, Bunge H P, Igel H . 2006 b. The adjoint method in seismology-II. Applications: traveltimes and sensitivity functionals[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 157(1-2):105-123, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2006.03.018. doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2006.03.018
[24]	Fichtner A, Kennett B L N, Igel H , et al. 2009. Full seismic waveform tomography for upper-mantle structure in the Australasian region using adjoint Methods[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 179(3):1703-1725, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04368.x. doi: 10.1111/gji.2009.179.issue-3
[25]	Fichtner A, Tramper J . 2011. Resolution analysis in full waveform inversion[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 187(3):1604-1624, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05218.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05218.x
[26]	Fischer R, Lees J M . 1993. Shortest path ray tracing with sparse graphs[J]. Geophysics, 58(7):987-996. doi: 10.1190/1.1443489
[27]	Gao E G, Xu G M . 1996. A new kind of step by step iterative ray-tracing method[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 39(S1):302-308.
[28]	Gao E G, Xu G M, Jiang X Y , et al. 2002. Iterative ray-tracing method segment by segment under 3-D construction[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese), 37(1):11-16, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-7210.2002.01.003.
[29]	Gao E G, Xu G M, Zhao Y . 1998. Segmentally-iterative ray tracing method for any interface[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese), 33(1):54-60.
[30]	Gauthier O, Virieux J, Tarantola A . 1986. Two-dimensional nonlinear inversion of seismic waveforms: numerical results[J]. Geophysics, 51(7):1387-1403. doi: 10.1190/1.1442188
[31]	Gautier S, Nolet G, Virieux J . 2008. Finite-frequency tomography in a crustal environment: Application to the western part of the Gulf of Corinth[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 56(4):493-503, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2007.00683.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2007.00683.x
[32]	Hole J A . 1992. Nonlinear high-resolution three-dimensional seismic travel time tomography[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(B5):6553-6562. doi: 10.1029/92JB00235
[33]	Hole J A Clowes R M Ellis R M , 1993. Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic refraction data from western Hecate Strait, British Columbia: structure of the crust[J]. Canadian Journal of earth sciences, 30(7):1440-1452. doi: 10.1139/e93-124
[34]	Hole J A, Zelt B C . 1995. 3-D finite-difference reflection travel times[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 121(2):427-434. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb05723.x
[35]	Hou H S, Gao R, Lu Z W , et al. 2010. Reflection seismic first-arrival wave tomography of Longqiao iron deposit and concealed deposit forecast in Luzong iron-polymetallic ore concentrated area[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica (in Chinese), 26(9):2623-2629. doi: 10.2113/gssajg.113.3.241
[36]	Huang G J, Bai C Y . 2010. Simultaneous inversion with multiple traveltimes within 2-D complex layered media[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 53(12):2972-2981, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.12.021.
[37]	Huang G J, Bai C Y, Qian W . 2016. Multi-phase traveltime tomography in general anisotropic TI media: an example of crosshole tomography[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese), 51(1):115-126, doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2016.01.015. doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2016.01.015
[38]	Huang G J, Sun J B, Bai C Y , et al. 2018. Seismic multi-wave traveltime tomography in 3D TI media[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese), 53(1):63-72, doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2018.01.008.
[39]	Huang J W, Bellefleur G . 2012. Joint transmission and reflection traveltime tomography using the fast sweeping method and the adjoint-state technique[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 188(2):570-582, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05273.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05273.x
[40]	Hung S H, Dahlen F A, Nolet G . 2000. Fréchet kernels for finite-frequency traveltimes-II. Examples[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 141(1):175-203. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00072.x
[41]	Julian B R, Gubbins D . 1977. Three dimensional seismic ray tracing[J]. Journal of Geophysics, 43:95-113.
[42]	Komatitsch D, Tromp J . 2002 a. Spectral-element simulations of global seismic wave propagation-I. Validation[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 149(2):390-412, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01653.x. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01653.x
[43]	Komatitsch D, Tromp J . 2002 b. Spectral-element simulations of global seismic wave propagation-II. Three-dimensional models, oceans, rotation and self-gravitation[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 150(1):303-318, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01716.x. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01716.x
[44]	Lailly P. 1984. The seismic inverse problem as a sequence of before-stack migrations [C]. Conference on inverse scattering: Theory and application: SIAM, 206-220.
[45]	Lan H Q, Chen J Y, Zhang Z J . 2014. A fast sweeping scheme for calculating p wave first-arrival travel times in transversely isotropic media with an irregular surface[J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171(9):2199-2208, doi: 10.1007/s00024-014-0836-5. doi: 10.1007/s00024-014-0836-5
[46]	Lan H Q, Zhang Z J . 2013 a. Topography-dependent eikonal equation and its solver for calculating first-arrival traveltimes with an irregular surface[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 193(2):1010-1026, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggt036. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggt036
[47]	Lan H Q, Zhang Z J . 2013 b. A high-order fast-sweeping scheme for calculating first-Arrival travel times with an irregular surface[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(3):2070-2082, doi: 10.1785/0120120199. doi: 10.1785/0120120199
[48]	Lan H Q, Zhang Z, Xu T , et al. 2012. A comparative study on the fast marching and fast sweeping methods in the calculation of first-arrival traveltime field[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 27(5):1863-1870, doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.05.005. doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z
[49]	Langan R T, Lerche I, Cutler R T . 1985. Tracing of rays through heterogeneous media: An accurate and efficient procedure[J]. Geophysics, 50(9):1456-1465. doi: 10.1190/1.1442013
[50]	Leung S Y, Qian J L . 2006. An adjoint state method for three-dimensional transmission traveltime tomography using first-arrivals[J]. Communications in Mathematical Sciences, 4(1):249-266, doi: 10.4310/CMS.2006.v4.n1.a10. doi: 10.4310/CMS.2006.v4.n1.a10
[51]	Li F, Xu T, Wu Z B , et al. 2013. Segmentally iterative ray tracing in 3-D heterogeneous geological models[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 56(10):3514-3522, doi: 10.6038/cjg20131026. doi: 10.6038/cjg20131026
[52]	Li F, Xu T, Zhang M H , et al. 2014. Seismic traveltime inversion of 3D velocity model with triangulated interfaces[J]. Earthquake Science, 27(2):127-136, doi: 10.1007/s11589-013-0025-0. doi: 10.1007/s11589-013-0025-0
[53]	Li J G, Zhao B, Sun S W , et al. 2012. Application of seismic first arrival tomography inversion on the exploration of polymetallic mine[J]. Geoscience, 26(6):1218-1224.
[54]	Lions J L . 1971. Optimal control of systems governed by partial differential equations[M]. Springer Verlag, New York.
[55]	Liu H, Meng F L, Li Y M . 1995. The interface grid method for seeking global minimum travel-time and the correspondent raypath[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 38(6):823-832.
[56]	Liu Q, Gu Y J . 2012. Seismic imaging: From classical to adjoint tomography[J]. Tectonophysics, 566-567:31-66, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.07.006. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.07.006
[57]	Liu Y S, Teng J W, Xu T , et al. 2017 a. Robust time-domain full waveform inversion with normalized zero-lag cross-correlation objective function[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 209(1):106-122, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggw485. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggw485
[58]	Liu Y S, Teng J W, Xu T , et al. 2017 b. Effects of conjugate gradient methods and step-length formulas on the multiscale full waveform inversion in time domain: numerical experiments[J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 174(5):1983-2006, doi: 10.1007/s00024-017-1512-3. doi: 10.1007/s00024-017-1512-3
[59]	Liu Z K, Wu Y G, Liu Y J , et al. 1995. Near-surface static correction method using first-arrival traveltimes velocity tomography[J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 38(Supp.1):153-159.
[60]	Luo Y, Schuster G T . 1991. Wave-equation traveltime inversion[J]. Geophysics, 56(5):645-653. doi: 10.1190/1.1443081
[61]	Menke W. 1984. Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory [M]. Academic Press, Florida.
[62]	Mora P . 1987. Nonlinear two-dimensional elastic inversion of multi-offset seismic data[J]. Geophysics, 52(9):1211-1228. doi: 10.1190/1.1442384
[63]	Moser T J . 1991. Shortest path calculation of seismic rays[J]. Geophysics, 56(1):59-67. doi: 10.1190/1.1442958
[64]	Mulder W A . 2006. The perturbed traveltime equation and the adjoint-states gradient of the traveltime error[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 167(2):679-683, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02932.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02932.x
[65]	Nakanishi L, Yamaguchi K . 1986. A numerical experiment on nonlinear image reconstruction from first-arrival time for two-dimensional island arc structure[J]. Journal of Physics of the Earth, 34(2):195-201. doi: 10.4294/jpe1952.34.195
[66]	Noble M, Thierry P, Taillandier C , et al. 2010. High-performance 3D first-arrival traveltime tomography[J]. Leading Edge, 29(1):86-93, doi: 10.1190/1.3284057. doi: 10.1190/1.3284057
[67]	Nolet G. 2008. A breviary of seismic tomography: Imaging the Interior [M]. Cambridge University Press.
[68]	Operto S, Ravaut C, Improta L , et al. 2004. Quantitative imaging of complex structures from dense wide aperture seismic data by multiscale traveltime and waveform inversion: A case study[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 52(6):625-651, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2004.00452.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2004.00452.x
[69]	Pageot D, Operto S, Vallée M , et al. 2013. A parametric analysis of two-dimensional elastic full waveform inversion of teleseismic data for lithospheric imaging[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 193(3):1479-1505, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggs132. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggs132
[70]	Pereyra V, Lee W H K, Keller H B . 1980. Solving two-point seismic-ray tracing problems in a heterogeneous medium. Part I. A general adaptive finite difference method[J]. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 70(1):79-99.
[71]	Phillips W S, Fehler M C . 1991. Traveltime tomography: A comparison of popular methods[J]. Geophysics, 56(10):1639-1649. doi: 10.1190/1.1442974
[72]	Plessix R-é . 2006. A review of the adjoint-state method for computing the gradient of a functional with geophysical applications[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 167(2):495-503, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02978.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02978.x
[73]	Plessix R-é, Baeten G, Maag J W D , et al. 2012. Full waveform inversion and distance separated simultaneous sweeping: a study with a land seismic data set[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 60(4):733-747, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2011.01036.x. doi: 10.1111/gpr.2012.60.issue-4
[74]	Plessix R é, Mulder W A ten Kroode A P E , 2000. Automatic cross-well tomography by semblance and differential semblance optimization: Theory and gradient computation[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 48(5):913-935, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2478.2000.00217.x. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2478.2000.00217.x
[75]	Podvin P, Lecomte I . 1991. Finite difference computation of traveltimes in very contrasted velocity models: a massively parallel approach and its associated tools[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 105(1):271-284. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb03461.x
[76]	Pollitz F F . 2007. Finite-frequency traveltime tomography of San Francisco Bay regional crustal velocity structure[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 171(2):630-656, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03532.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03532.x
[77]	Pratt R G . 1999. Seismic waveform inversion in the frequency domain, Part I: Theory and verification in a physical scale model[J]. Geophysics, 64(3):888-901. doi: 10.1190/1.1444597
[78]	Pratt R G, Shin C, Hick G J . 1998. Gauss-Newton and full Newton methods in frequency-space seismic waveform inversion[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 133(2):341-362. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00498.x
[79]	Pratt R G, Song Z M, Williamson P , et al. 1996. Two-dimensional velocity models from wide angle seismic data by wavefield inversion[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 124(2):323-340. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb07023.x
[80]	Qian J L, Zhang Y T, Zhao H K . 2007 a. A fast sweeping method for static convex Hamilton-Jacobi equations[J]. Journal of Scientific Computing, 31(1-2):237-271, doi: 10.1007/s10915-006-9124-6. doi: 10.1007/s10915-006-9124-6
[81]	Qian J L, Zhang Y T, Zhao H K . 2007 b. Fast sweeping methods for eikonal equations on triangular meshes[J]. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 45(1):83-107, doi: 10.1137/050627083. doi: 10.1137/050627083
[82]	Rawlinson N, Hauser J, Sambridge M . 2008. Seismic ray tracing and wavefront tracking in laterally heterogeneous media[J]. Advances in Geophysics, 49:203-273, doi: 10.1016/S0065-2687(07)49003-3. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2687(07)49003-3
[83]	Rawlinson N, Houseman G A, Collins C D N , et al. 2001. New evidence of Tasmania’s tectonic history from a novel seismic experiment[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(17):3337-3340, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013342. doi: 10.1029/2001GL013342
[84]	Rawlinson N, Pozgay S, Fishwick S . 2010. Seismic tomography: a window into deep Earth[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 178(3-4):101-135, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2009.10.002. doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2009.10.002
[85]	Sambridge M S . 1990. Non-linear arrival time inversion: constraining velocity anomalies by seeking smooth models in 3-D[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 102(3):653-677. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb04588.x
[86]	Scales J A, Docherty P, Gersztenkorn A . 1990. Regularisation of nonlinear inverse problems: Imaging the near-surface weathering layer[J]. Inverse Problems, 6(1):115-131. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/6/1/011
[87]	Sei A, Symes W W . 1994. Gradient calculation of the travel time cost function without ray-tracing [C]. 64^th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts , 1351-1354.
[88]	Sethian J A . 1996. A fast marching level set method for monotonically advancing fronts[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(4):1591-1595. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.4.1591 pmid: 11607632
[89]	Sethian J A. 1999. Level set methods and fast marching methods [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[90]	Sethian J A, Popovici A M . 1999. 3-D traveltime computation using the fast marching method[J]. Geophysics, 64(2):516-523. doi: 10.1190/1.1444558
[91]	Shen P, Symes W W, Stolk C C. 2003. Differential semblance velocity analysis by wave-equation migration [C]. 73 ^rd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 2132-2135.
[92]	Sirgue L, Barkved O I, Dellinger J , et al. 2010. Full waveform inversion: the next leap forward in imaging at Valhall[J]. First Break, 28(4):65-70, doi: 10.3997/1365-2397.2010012.
[93]	Sun M Y, Zhang J, Zhang W . 2017. Alternating first-arrival traveltime tomography and waveform inversion for near-surface imaging[J]. Geophysics, 82(4):R245-R257, doi: 10.1190/geo2016-0576.1. doi: 10.1190/GEO2016-0576.1
[94]	Symes W W . 2008. Migration velocity analysis and waveform inversion[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 56(6):765-790, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2008.00698.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2008.00698.x
[95]	Taillandier C, Noble M, Chauris H , et al. 2009. First-arrival traveltime tomography based on the adjoint-state method[J]. Geophysics , 74(6): WCB57-WCB66, doi: 10.1190/1.3250266. doi: 10.1190/1.3253059
[96]	Tang X P, Bai C Y . 2009. Multiple ray tracing within 3-D layered media with the shortest path method[J]. Chinese J Geophys (in Chinese), 52(10):2635-2643, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.10.024. doi: 10.1002/cjg2.1438
[97]	Tape C, Liu Q Y, Maggi A , et al. 2010. Seismic tomography of the southern California crust based on spectral-element and adjoint methods[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 180(1):433-462, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04429.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04429.x
[98]	Tape C, Liu Q Y, Tromp J . 2007. Finite-frequency tomography using adjoint methods-Methodology and examples using membrane surface waves[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 168(3):1105-1129, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03191.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03191.x
[99]	Tarantola A . 1984. Inversion of seismic reflection data in the acoustic approximation[J]. Geophysics, 49(8):1259-1266. doi: 10.1190/1.1441754
[100]	Teng J W, Zhang Z J, Bai W M , et al. 2004. Physics of lithosphere [M]. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese).
[101]	Thurber C H, Ellsworth W L . 1980. Rapid solution of ray tracing problems in heterogeneous media[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70(4):1137-1148. doi: 10.1007/BF02245436
[102]	Tong P, Zhao D, Yang D , et al. 2014 a. Wave-equation-based travel-time seismic tomography-Part 1: Method[J]. Solid Earth, 5:1151-1168, doi: 10.5194/se-5-1151-2014. doi: 10.5194/se-5-1151-2014
[103]	Tong P, Zhao D, Yang D , et al. 2014 b. Wave-equation-based travel-time seismic tomography-Part 2: Application to the 1992 Landers earthquake (Mw7.3) area[J]. Solid Earth, 5(2):1169-1188, doi: 10.5194/se-5-1169-2014. doi: 10.5194/se-5-1169-2014
[104]	Tong P, Zhao D P, Yang D H . 2011. Tomography of the 1995 Kobe earthquake area: comparison of finite-frequency and ray approaches[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 187(1):278-302, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05139.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05139.x
[105]	Tromp J, Komatitsch D, Hjörleifsdóttir V , et al. 2010. Near real-time simulations of global CMT earthquakes[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 183(1):381-389, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04734.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04734.x
[106]	Tromp J, Komatitsch D, Liu Q Y . 2008. Spectral-element and adjoint methods in seismology[J]. Communications in Computational Physics, 3(1):1-32.
[107]	Tromp J, Tape C, Liu Q Y . 2005. Seismic tomography, adjoint methods, time reversal and banana-doughnut kernels[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 160(1):195-216, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02453.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02453.x
[108]	Um J, Thurber C . 1987. A fast algorithm for two-point ray tracing[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 77(3):972-986.
[109]	Vidale J . 1988. Finite-difference calculation of travel times[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 78(6):2062-2076.
[110]	Vidale J E . 1990. Finite-difference calculation of traveltimes in three dimensions[J]. Geophysics, 55(5):521-526. doi: 10.1190/1.1442863
[111]	Vinje V, Iversen E, Åstebøl K , et al. 1996 a. Estimation of multivalued arrivals in 3D models using wavefront construction-Part I[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 44(5):819-842. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.1996.tb00175.x
[112]	Vinje V, Iversen E, Åstebøl K , et al. 1996 b. Estimation of multivalued arrivals in 3D models using wavefront construction-Part II[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 44(5):843-858. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.1996.tb00176.x
[113]	Vinje V, Iversen E, Gjoystdal H . 1993. Traveltime and amplitude estimation using wavefront construction[J]. Geophysics, 58(8):1157-1166. doi: 10.1190/1.1443499
[114]	Virieux J, Farra V . 1991. Ray tracing in 3-D complex isotropic media: An analysis of the problem[J]. Geophysics, 56(12):2057-2069. doi: 10.1190/1.1443018
[115]	Waheed U, Flagg G, Yarman C . 2016. First-arrival traveltime tomography for anisotropic media using the adjoint-state method[J]. Geophysics, 81(4):R147-R155, doi: 10.1190/segam2016-13822039.1. doi: 10.1190/segam2016-13822039.1
[116]	Wang C Y, Zhang X K, Ding Z F , et al. 1997. Finite-difference tomography of upper crustal structure in Dabieshan orogenic belt[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 40(4):459-501.
[117]	Wang Y H, Rao Y . 2009. Reflection seismic waveform tomography[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114(B3): 2008JB005916, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005916.
[118]	Warner M, Ratcliffe A, Nangoo T , et al. 2013. Anisotropic 3D full-waveform inversion[J]. Geophysics, 78(2):R59-R80, doi: 10.1190/GEO2012-0338.1. doi: 10.1190/geo2012-0338.1
[119]	White D J . 1989. Two-dimensional seismic refraction tomography[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 97(2):223-245. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb00498.x
[120]	Williamson P R . 1991. A guide to the limits of resolution imposed by scattering in ray tomography[J]. Geophysics, 56(2):202-207. doi: 10.1190/1.1443032
[121]	Woodward M J . 1992. Wave-equation tomography[J]. Geophysics, 57(1):15-26. doi: 10.1190/1.1443179
[122]	Xie C, Liu Y Z, Dong L G , et al. 2014. First arrival traveltime tomography based on the adjoint state method[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese), 49(5):877-883.
[123]	Xu T, Li F, Wu Z B , et al. 2014. A successive three-point perturbation method for fast ray tracing in complex 2D and 3D geological models[J]. Tectonophysics, 627:72-81, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.02.012. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.02.012
[124]	Xu T, Ning J R, Liu C C , et al. 2007. Influence of the self-organization of the Earth interior upon the traveltime and amplitude of seismic wave[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 50(4):1174-1181, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.04.026. doi: 10.1002/asl.156
[125]	Xu T, Xu G M, Gao E G , et al. 2004. Block modeling and shooting ray tracing in complex 3-D media[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 47(6):1118-1126, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2004.06.027. doi: 10.1002/cjg2.613
[126]	Xu T, Xu G M, Gao E G , et al. 2006. Block modeling and segmentally iterative ray tracing in complex 3D media[J]. Geophysics, 71(3):T41-T51, doi: 10.1190/1.2192948. doi: 10.1190/1.2192948
[127]	Xu T, Zhang M H, Tian X B , et al. 2014. Upper crustal velocity of Lijiang-Qingzhen profile and its relationship with the seismogenic environment of the Ms6.5 Ludian earthquake[J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 57(9):3069-3079, doi: 10.6038/cjg20140932. doi: 10.6038/cjg20140932
[128]	Xu T, Zhang Z J, Gao E G , et al. 2010. Segmentally iterative ray tracing in complex 2D and 3D heterogeneous block models[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2):841-850, doi: 10.1785/0120090155. doi: 10.1785/0120090155
[129]	Xu T, Zhang Z J, Liu B F , et al. 2015. Crustal velocity structure in the Emeishan large igneous province and evidence of the Permian mantle plume activity[J]. Science China: Earth Science, 58(7):1133-1147, doi: 10.1007/s11430-015-5094-6. doi: 10.1007/s11430-015-5094-6
[130]	Yang T, Shen Y . 2006. Frequency-Dependent Crustal Correction for Finite-Frequency Seismic Tomography[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 96(6):2441-2448, doi: 10.1785/0120060038. doi: 10.1785/0120060038
[131]	Zelt B C, Ellis R M, Zelt C A , et al. 2001. Three-dimensional crustal velocity structure beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 144(3):695-712, doi: 10.1046/j.0956-540X.2000.01364.x. doi: 10.1046/j.0956-540X.2000.01364.x
[132]	Zelt C A, Azara A, Levander A . 2006. 3D seismic refraction traveltime tomography at a groundwater contamination site[J]. Geophysics, 71(5):H67-H78. doi: 10.1190/1.2258094
[133]	Zelt C A, Barton P J . 1998. Three-dimensional seismic refraction tomography: A comparison of two methods applied to data from the Faeroe Basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(B4):7187-7210. doi: 10.1029/97JB03536
[134]	Zelt C A, Hojka A M, Flueh E R , et al. 1999. 3D simultaneous seismic refraction and reflection tomography of wide-angle data from the central Chilean margin[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(16):2577-2580. doi: 10.1029/1999gl900545
[135]	Zelt C A, Smith R B . 1992. Seismic traveltime inversion for 2-D crustal velocity structure[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 108(1):16-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00836.x
[136]	Zhang J, Toksöz M N . 1998. Nonlinear refraction traveltime tomography[J]. Geophysics, 63(5):1726-1737. doi: 10.1190/1.1444468
[137]	Zhang Y S, Gu H M, Shi X M . 2005. SIRT tomography inversion of two-dimensional sonic data based on Moser’s curved ray tracing method[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics (in Chinese), 2(3):167-176, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7940.2005.03.001.
[138]	Zhao D P, Hasegawa A, Horiuchi S . 1992. Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(B13):19909-19928. doi: 10.1029/92JB00603
[139]	Zhao D P, Hasegawa A, Kanamori H . 1994. Deep structure of Japan subduction zone as derived from local, regional, and teleseismic events[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(B11):22313-22329. doi: 10.1029/94JB01149
[140]	Zhao F F, Ma T, Xu T . 2014 a. A review of the travel-time calculation methods of seismic first break[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 29(3):1102-1113, doi: 10.6038/pg20140313. doi: 10.6038/pg20140313
[141]	Zhao F F, Zhang M H, Xu T . 2014 b. A review of body wave traveltime tomography methods[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 29(3):1090-1101, doi: 10.6038/pg20140312.
[142]	Zhao H . 2005. A fast sweeping method for eikonal equations[J]. Mathematics of computation, 74(250):603-628, doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-04-01678-3.
[143]	Zhao L, Jordan T H, Chapman C H . 2000. Three-dimensional Fréchet differential kernels for seismicdelay times[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 141(3):558-576, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00085.x. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00085.x
[144]	Zhao R, Bai C Y . 2010. Fast multiple ray tracing within complex layered media: the shortest path method based on irregular grid cells[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 32(4):433-444, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2010.04.006. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2010.04.006
[145]	Zheng T Y, He Y M, Yang J H , et al. 2015. Seismological constraints on the crustal structures generated by continental rejuvenation in northeastern China[J]. Scientific Reports, 5:14995, doi: 10.1038/srep14995. doi: 10.1038/srep14995 pmid: 26443323
[146]	Zhou B, Greenhalgh S . 2008. Nonlinear traveltime inversion for 3D seismic tomography in strongly anisotropic media[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 172(1):383-394, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03649.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03649.x
[147]	Zhou B, Greenhalgh S A . 2005. ‘Shortest path’ ray tracing for most general 2D/3D anisotropic media[J]. Journal of Geophysics & Engineering, 2(1):54-63, doi: 10.1088/1742-2132/2/1/008.
[148]	白超英, 黄国娇, 李忠生 . 2011. 三维复杂层状介质中多震相走时联合反演成像[J]. 地球物理学报, 54(1):182-192, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.01.019. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.01.019
[149]	丁继才, 孙文博, 黄小刚 , 等. 2017. 海上地震数据全波形反演实际应用[J]. 石油物探, 56(1):78-80, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2017.01.009. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2017.01.009
[150]	丁志峰, 何正勤, 孙为国 , 等. 1999. 青藏高原东部及其边缘地区的地壳上地幔三维速度结构[J]. 地球物理学报, 42(2):197-205, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.1999.02.007. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.1999.02.007
[151]	段永红, 张先康, 方盛明 . 2002. 华北地区上部地壳结构的三维有限差分层析成像[J]. 地球物理学报, 45(3):362-369, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2002.03.008. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2002.03.008
[152]	高尔根, 徐果明 . 1996. 二维速度随机分布逐步迭代射线追踪方法[J]. 地球物理学报, 39(S1):302-308.
[153]	高尔根, 徐果明, 蒋先艺 , 等. 2002. 三维结构下逐段迭代射线追踪方法[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 37(1):11-16, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-7210.2002.01.003. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-7210.2002.01.003
[154]	高尔根, 徐果明, 赵焱 . 1998. 一种任意界面的逐段迭代射线追踪方法[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 33(1):54-60. doi: 10.1109/ISIC.1999.796628
[155]	侯贺晟, 高锐, 卢占武 , 等. 2010. 庐枞铁多金属矿集区龙桥铁矿反射地震初至波层析成像与隐伏矿床预测[J]. 岩石学报, 26(9):2623-2629, doi: 1000-0569/2010/026(09)-2323-29.
[156]	黄国娇, 白超英 . 2010. 二维复杂层状介质中地震多波走时联合反演成像[J]. 地球物理学报, 53(12):2972-2981, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.12.021. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.12.021
[157]	黄国娇, 白超英, 钱卫 . 2016. 一般TI介质中多震相走时层析成像-以井间成像为例[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 51(1):115-126, doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2016.01.015. doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2016.01.015
[158]	黄国娇, 孙江兵, 白超英 , 等. 2018. 三维TI介质中多波走时层析成像[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 53(1):63-72, doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2018.01.008. doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2018.01.008
[159]	兰海强, 张智, 徐涛 , 等. 2012. 地震波走时场模拟的快速推进法和快速扫描法比较研究[J]. 地球物理学进展, 27(5):1863-1870, doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.05.005. doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.05.005
[160]	李飞, 徐涛, 武振波 , 等. 2013. 三维非均匀地质模型中的逐段迭代射线追踪[J]. 地球物理学报, 56(10):3514-3522, doi: 10.6038/cjg20131026. doi: 10.6038/cjg20131026
[161]	李建国, 赵斌, 孙少伟 , 等. 2012. 地震初至波速度层析反演在多金属矿探测中的应用[J]. 现代地质, 26(6):1218-1224, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2012.06.013. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2012.06.013
[162]	刘洪, 孟凡林, 李幼铭 . 1995. 计算最小走时和射线路径的界面网全局方法[J]. 地球物理学报, 38(6):823-832. doi: 10.1007/BF02006258
[163]	刘振宽, 吴永刚, 刘英杰 , 等. 1995. 利用初至波走时速度成像进行近地表静校正的方法[J]. 地球物理学报, 38(增刊I):153-159.
[164]	唐小平, 白超英 . 2009. 最短路径算法下三维层状介质中多次波追踪[J]. 地球物理学报, 52(10):2635-2643, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.10.024. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.10.024
[165]	滕吉文, 张中杰, 白武明 , 等. 2004. 岩石圈物理学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社.
[166]	王椿镛, 张先康, 丁志峰 , 等. 1997. 大别造山带上部地壳结构的有限差分层析成像[J]. 地球物理学报, 40(4):459-501.
[167]	谢春, 刘玉柱, 董良国 , 等. 2014. 伴随状态法初至波走时层析[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 49(5):877-883.
[168]	徐涛, 宁俊瑞, 刘春成 , 等. 2007. 地球介质自组织性对地震波走时和振幅的影响[J]. 地球物理学报, 50(4):1174-1181, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.04.026. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.04.026
[169]	徐涛, 徐果明, 高尔根 , 等. 2004. 三维复杂介质的块状建模和试射射线追踪[J]. 地球物理学报, 47(6):1118-1126, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2004.06.027. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2004.06.027
[170]	徐涛, 张明辉, 田小波 , 等. 2014. 丽江-清镇剖面上地壳速度结构及其与鲁甸Ms6.5级地震孕震环境的关系[J]. 地球物理学报, 57(9):3069-3079, doi: 10.6038/cjg20140932. doi: 10.6038/cjg20140932
[171]	徐涛, 张忠杰, 刘宝峰 , 等. 2015. 峨眉山大火成岩省地壳速度结构与古地幔柱活动遗迹:来自丽江-清镇宽角地震资料的约束[J]. 中国科学, 45(5):561-576, doi: 10.1007/s11430-015-5094-6. doi: 10.1007/s11430-015-5094-6
[172]	张云 , 顾汉明, 师学明 . 2005. 基于Moser曲射线追踪的SIRT声波层析成像[J]. 工程地球物理学报, 2(3):167-176, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7940.2005.03.001. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7940.2005.03.001
[173]	赵烽帆, 马婷, 徐涛 . 2014 a. 地震波初至走时的计算方法综述[J]. 地球物理学进展, 29(3):1102-1113, doi: 10.6038/pg20140313. doi: 10.6038/pg20140313
[174]	赵烽帆, 张明辉, 徐涛 . 2014 b. 地震体波走时层析成像方法研究综述[J]. 地球物理学进展, 29(3):1090-1101, doi: 10.6038/pg20140312. doi: 10.6038/pg20140312
[175]	赵瑞, 白超英 . 2010. 复杂层状模型中多次波快速追踪—一种基于非规则网格的最短路径算法[J]. 地震学报, 32(4):433-444, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2010.04.006. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2010.04.006

近地表地震层析成像方法综述

Review of seismic tomography methods in near-surface structures reconstruction

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 11

参考文献 175

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

多维度评价

本文评价

[1]	豆辉,徐逸鹤. 黏性逆时偏移成像研究进展[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2019, 34(5): 1866-1877.
[2]	尚新民,王延光,崔庆辉,金昌昆,赵翠霞,滕厚华,赵胜天. 准南缘山前带精细近地表建模技术研究[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2019, 34(5): 1887-1892.
[3]	李江. 初始模型对角度域偏移速度分析的影响[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2019, 34(4): 1460-1464.
[4]	秦晶晶,袁洪克,何银娟,季通宇,刘增祺,王宏伟. 层析成像技术在城市活断层探测中的应用[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2018, 33(5): 2153-2158.
[5]	王敏玲,王洪华. 探地雷达波动方程数值模拟方法研究进展综述[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2018, 33(5): 1974-1984.
[6]	郭爱华,叶月明,臧梅,李立胜,李玉存,吴吉忠. 老爷庙火成岩发育区低信噪比资料处理关键技术探讨[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2018, 33(3): 1043-1050.
[7]	梁上林,徐基祥,孙夕平,郭宏伟,李凌高,吕考考. 一种基于地震干涉测量的VSP资料波场重构及成像应用[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2018, 33(3): 1075-1080.
[8]	蔡杰雄,郑浩,刘定进,倪瑶. 近地表Q因子估算影响因素分析[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2018, 33(2): 547-553.
[9]	于富文,徐钰,徐雷良. 黄河三角洲冲积平原区地震资料低频问题剖析[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2018, 33(1): 426-431.
[10]	李慧龙,王慕雨,王子秋,张广智,石孟常,麻志国. 鬼波衰减在深水多次波衰减中的作用[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2017, 32(6): 2650-2654.
[11]	廖建平,刘和秀,戴世鑫,赵延林,ANDREW Hursthouse. 二维时间空间域和频率空间域声波全波形速度反演方法的对比研究[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2017, 32(5): 2029-2034.
[12]	易治宇,李忠海,许志琴,黄宝春. 印度-亚洲碰撞带西段初始碰撞过程:古地磁、地震层析成像及数值模拟约束[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2017, 32(4): 1510-1520.
[13]	张志禹,侯文婷,苗永康. 步长自适应的有限差分复杂地表波场数值模拟[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2017, 32(3): 1321-1330.
[14]	张林,杨勤勇,张兵,郭立鹏. 复杂近地表初至波层析反演静校正技术研究[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2017, 32(2): 816-821.
[15]	谢波,熊章强,张大洲. 三维弹性波数值模拟中改进的NPML研究[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2016, 31(6): 2762-2766.